Chapter XVII
Captain Morgan departs from Chagre, at the head of twelve hundred men, to take the city of Panama.
CAPTAIN MORGAN set forth from the castle of Chagre, towards Panama, August 18, 1670. He had with him twelve hundred men, five boats laden with artillery, and thirty-two canoes. The first day they sailed only six leagues, and came to a place called De los Bracos. Here a party of his men went ashore, only to sleep and stretch their limbs, being almost crippled with lying too much crowded in the boats. Having rested awhile, they went abroad to seek victuals in the neighbouring plantations; but they could find none, the Spaniards being fled, and carrying with them all they had. This day, being the first of their journey, they had such scarcity of victuals, as the greatest part were forced to pass with only a pipe of tobacco, without any other refreshment.
Next day, about evening, they came to a place called Cruz de Juan Gallego. Here they were compelled to leave their boats and canoes, the river being very dry for want of rain, and many trees having fallen into it.
The guides told them, that, about two leagues farther, the country would be very good to continue the journey by land. Hereupon they left one hundred and sixty men on board the boats, to defend them, that they might serve for a refuge in necessity.
Next morning, being the third day, they all went ashore, except those who were to keep the boats. To these Captain Morgan gave order, under great penalties, that no man, on any pretext whatever, should dare to leave the boats, and go ashore; fearing lest they should be surprised by an ambuscade of Spaniards in the neighbouring woods, which appeared so thick as to seem almost impenetrable. This morning beginning their march, the ways proved so bad, that Captain Morgan thought it more convenient to transport some of the men in canoes (though with great labour) to a place farther up the river, called Cedro Bueno. Thus they re-embarked, and the canoes returned for the rest; so that about night they got altogether at the said place. The pirates much desired to meet some Spaniards or Indians, hoping to fill their bellies with their provisions, being reduced to extremity and hunger.
The fourth day the greatest part of the pirates marched by land, being led by one of the guides; the rest went by water farther up, being conducted by another guide, who always went before them, to discover, on both sides the river, the ambuscades. These had also spies, who were very dextrous to give notice of all accidents, or of the arrival of the pirates, six hours, at least, before they came. This day, about noon, they came near a post called Torna Cavallos: here the guide of the canoes cried out, that he perceived an ambuscade. His voice caused infinite joy to all the pirates, hoping to find some provisions to satiate their extreme hunger. Being come to the place, they found nobody in it, the Spaniards being fled, and leaving nothing behind but a few leathern bags, all empty, and a few crumbs of bread scattered on the ground where they had eaten. Being angry at this, they pulled down a few little huts which the Spaniards had made, and fell to eating the leathern bags, to allay the ferment of their stomachs, which was now so sharp as to gnaw their very bowels. Thus they made a huge banquet upon these bags of leather, divers quarrels arising concerning the greatest shares. By the bigness of the place, they conjectured about five hundred Spaniards had been there, whom, finding no victuals, they were now infinitely desirous to meet, intending to devour some of them rather than perish.
Having feasted themselves with those pieces of leather, they marched on, till they came about night to another post, called Torna Munni. Here they found another ambuscade, but as barren as the former. They searched the neighbouring woods, but could not find anything to eat, the Spaniards having been so provident, as not to leave anywhere the least crumb of sustenance, whereby the pirates were now brought to this extremity. Here again he was happy that had reserved since noon any bit of leather to make his supper of, drinking after it a good draught of water for his comfort. Some, who never were out of their mothers' kitchens, may ask, how these pirates could eat and digest those pieces of leather, so hard and dry? Whom I answer, that, could they once experiment what hunger, or rather famine, is, they would find the way as the pirates did. For these first sliced it in pieces, then they beat it between two stones, and rubbed it, often dipping it in water, to make it supple and tender. Lastly, they scraped off the hair, and broiled it. Being thus cooked, they cut it into small morsels, and ate it, helping it down with frequent gulps of water, which, by good fortune, they had at hand.
The fifth day, about noon, they came to a place called Barbacoa. Here they found traces of another ambuscade, but the place totally as unprovided as the former. At a small distance were several plantations, which they searched very narrowly, but could not find any person, animal, or other thing, to relieve their extreme hunger. Finally, having ranged about, and searched a long time, they found a grot, which seemed to be but lately hewn out of a rock, where were two sacks of meal, wheat, and like things, with two great jars of wine, and certain fruits called platanoes. Captain Morgan, knowing some of his men were now almost dead with hunger, and fearing the same of the rest, caused what was found to be distributed among them who were in greatest necessity. Having refreshed themselves with these victuals, they marched anew with greater courage than ever. Such as were weak were put into the canoes, and those commanded to land that were in them before. Thus they prosecuted their journey till late at night; when coming to a plantation, they took up their rest, but without eating anything; for the Spaniards, as before, had swept away all manner of provisions.
The sixth day they continued their march, part by land and part by water. Howbeit, they were constrained to rest very frequently, both for the ruggedness of the way, and their extreme weakness, which they endeavoured to relieve by eating leaves of trees and green herbs, or grass; such was their miserable condition. This day at noon they arrived at a plantation, where was a barn full of maize. Immediately they beat down the doors and ate it dry, as much as they could devour; then they distributed a great quantity, giving every man a good allowance. Thus provided, and prosecuting their journey for about an hour, they came to another ambuscade. This they no sooner discovered, but they threw away their maize, with the sudden hopes of finding all things in abundance. But they were much deceived, meeting neither Indians nor victuals, nor anything else: but they saw, on the other side of the river, about a hundred Indians, who, all fleeing, escaped. Some few pirates leaped into the river to cross it, and try to take any of the Indians, but in vain: for, being much more nimble than the pirates, they not only baffled them, but killed two or three with their arrows; hooting at them, and crying, "Ha, perros! a la savana, a la savana."—"Ha, ye dogs! go to the plain, go to the plain."
This day they could advance no farther, being necessitated to pass the river, to continue their march on the other side. Hereupon they reposed for that night, though their sleep was not profound; for great murmurings were made at Captain Morgan, and his conduct; some being desirous to return home, while others would rather die there than go back a step from their undertaking: others, who had greater courage, laughed and joked at their discourses. Meanwhile, they had a guide who much comforted them, saying, "It would not now be long before they met with people from whom they should reap some considerable advantage."
The seventh day, in the morning, they made clean their arms, and every one discharged his pistol, or musket, without bullet, to try their firelocks. This done, they crossed the river, leaving the post where they had rested, called Santa Cruz, and at noon they arrived at a village called Cruz. Being yet far from the place, they perceived much smoke from the chimneys: the sight hereof gave them great joy, and hopes of finding people and plenty of good cheer. Thus they went on as fast as they could, encouraging one another, saying, "There is smoke comes out of every house: they are making good fires, to roast and boil what we are to eat;" and the like.
At length they arrived there, all sweating and panting, but found no person in the town, nor anything eatable to refresh themselves, except good fires, which they wanted not; for the Spaniards, before their departure, had every one set fire to his own house, except the king's storehouses and stables.
They had not left behind them any beast, alive or dead, which much troubled their minds, not finding anything but a few cats and dogs, which they immediately killed and devoured. At last, in the king's stables, they found, by good fortune, fifteen or sixteen jars of Peru wine, and a leathern sack full of bread. No sooner had they drank of this wine, when they fell sick, almost every man: this made them think the wine was poisoned, which caused a new consternation in the whole camp, judging themselves now to be irrecoverably lost. But the true reason was, their want of sustenance, and the manifold sorts of trash they had eaten. Their sickness was so great, as caused them to remain there till the next morning, without being able to prosecute their journey in the afternoon. This village is seated in 9 deg. 2 min. north latitude, distant from the river Chagre twenty-six Spanish leagues, and eight from Panama. This is the last place to which boats or canoes can come; for which reason they built here storehouses for all sorts of merchandise, which to and from Panama are transported on the backs of mules.
Here Captain Morgan was forced to leaves his canoes, and land all his men, though never so weak; but lest the canoes should be surprised, or take up too many men for their defence, he sent them all back to the place where the boats were, except one, which he hid, that it might serve to carry intelligence. Many of the Spaniards and Indians of this village having fled to the near plantations, Captain Morgan ordered that none should go out of the village, except companies of one hundred together, fearing lest the enemy should take an advantage upon his men. Notwithstanding, one party contravened these orders, being tempted with the desire of victuals: but they were soon glad to fly into the town again, being assaulted with great fury by some Spaniards and Indians, who carried one of them away prisoner. Thus the vigilancy and care of Captain Morgan was not sufficient to prevent every accident.
The eighth day in the morning Captain Morgan sent two hundred men before the body of his army, to discover the way to Panama, and any ambuscades therein: the path being so narrow, that only ten or twelve persons could march abreast, and often not so many. After ten hours' march they came to a place called Quebrada Obscura: here, all on a sudden, three or four thousand arrows were shot at them, they not perceiving whence they came, or who shot them: though they presumed it was from a high rocky mountain, from one side to the other, whereon was a grot, capable of but one horse or other beast laded. This multitude of arrows much alarmed the pirates, especially because they could not discover whence they were discharged. At last, seeing no more arrows, they marched a little farther, and entered a wood: here they perceived some Indians to fly as fast as they could, to take the advantage of another post, thence to observe their march; yet there remained one troop of Indians on the place, resolved to fight and defend themselves, which they did with great courage till their captain fell down wounded; who, though he despaired of life, yet his valour being greater than his strength, would ask no quarter, but, endeavouring to raise himself, with undaunted mind laid hold of his azagayo, or javelin, and struck at one of the pirates; but before he could second the blow, he was shot to death. This was also the fate of many of his companions, who, like good soldiers, lost their lives with their captain, for the defence of their country.
The pirates endeavoured to take some of the Indians prisoners, but they being swifter than the pirates, every one escaped, leaving eight pirates dead, and ten wounded: yea, had the Indians been more dextrous in military affairs, they might have defended that passage, and not let one man pass. A little while after they came to a large champaign, open, and full of fine meadows; hence they could perceive at a distance before them some Indians, on the top of a mountain, near the way by which they were to pass: they sent fifty men, the nimblest they had, to try to catch any of them, and force them to discover their companions: but all in vain; for they escaped by their nimbleness, and presently showed themselves in another place, hallooing to the English, and crying, "A la savana, a la savana, perros Ingleses!" that is, "To the plain, to the plain, ye English dogs!" Meanwhile the ten pirates that were wounded were dressed, and plastered up.
Here was a wood, and on each side a mountain. The Indians possessed themselves of one, and the pirates of the other. Captain Morgan was persuaded the Spaniards had placed an ambuscade there, it lying so conveniently: hereupon, he sent two hundred men to search it. The Spaniards and Indians perceiving the pirates descend the mountain, did so too, as if they designed to attack them; but being got into the wood, out of sight of the pirates, they were seen no more, leaving the passage open.
About night fell a great rain, which caused the pirates to march the faster, and seek for houses to preserve their arms from being wet; but the Indians had set fire to every one, and driven away all their cattle, that the pirates, finding neither houses nor victuals, might be constrained to return: but, after diligent search, they found a few shepherds' huts, but in them nothing to eat. These not holding many men, they placed in them, out of every company, a small number, who kept the arms of the rest: those who remained in the open field endured much hardship that night, the rain not ceasing till morning.
Next morning, about break of day, being the ninth of that tedious journey, Captain Morgan marched on while the fresh air of the morning lasted; for the clouds hanging yet over their heads, were much more favourable than the scorching rays of the sun, the way being now more difficult than before. After two hours' march, they discovered about twenty Spaniards, who observed their motions: they endeavoured to catch some of them, but could not, they suddenly disappearing, and absconding themselves in caves among the rocks, unknown to the pirates. At last, ascending a high mountain, they discovered the South Sea. This happy sight, as if it were the end of their labours, caused infinite joy among them: hence they could descry also one ship, and six boats, which were set forth from Panama, and sailed towards the islands of Tavoga and Tavogilla: then they came to a vale where they found much cattle, whereof they killed good store: here, while some killed and flayed cows, horses, bulls, and chiefly asses, of which there were most; others kindled fires, and got wood to roast them: then cutting the flesh into convenient pieces, or gobbets, they threw them into the fire, and, half carbonaded or roasted, they devoured them, with incredible haste and appetite; such was their hunger, as they more resembled cannibals than Europeans; the blood many times running down from their beards to their waists.
Having satisfied their hunger, Captain Morgan ordered them to continue the march. Here, again, he sent before the main body fifty men to take some prisoners, if they could; for he was much concerned, that in nine days he could not meet one person to inform him of the condition and forces of the Spaniards. About evening they discovered about two hundred Spaniards, who hallooed to the pirates, but they understood not what they said. A little while after they came in sight of the highest steeple of Panama: this they no sooner discovered but they showed signs of extreme joy, casting up their hats into the air, leaping and shouting, just as if they had already obtained the victory, and accomplished their designs. All their trumpets sounded, and drums beat, in token of this alacrity of their minds: thus they pitched their camp for that night, with general content of the whole army, waiting with impatience for the morning, when they intended to attack the city. This evening appeared fifty horse, who came out of the city, on the noise of the drums and trumpets, to observe, as it was thought, their motions: they came almost within musket-shot of the army, with a trumpet that sounded marvellously well. Those on horseback hallooed aloud to the pirates, and threatened them, saying, "Perros! nos veremos," that is, "Ye dogs! we shall meet ye." Having made this menace, they returned to the city, except only seven or eight horsemen, who hovered thereabouts to watch their motions. Immediately after the city fired, and ceased not to play their biggest guns all night long against the camp, but with little or no harm to the pirates, whom they could not easily reach. Now also the two hundred Spaniards, whom the pirates had seen in the afternoon, appeared again, making a show of blocking up the passages, that no pirates might escape their hands: but the pirates, though in a manner besieged, instead of fearing their blockades, as soon as they had placed sentinels about their camp, opened their satchels, and, without any napkins or plates, fell to eating, very heartily, the pieces of bulls' and horses' flesh which they had reserved since noon. This done, they laid themselves down to sleep on the grass, with great repose and satisfaction, expecting only, with impatience, the dawning of the next day.
The tenth day, betimes in the morning, they put all their men in order, and, with drums and trumpets sounding, marched directly towards the city; but one of the guides desired Captain Morgan not to take the common highway, lest they should find in it many ambuscades. He took his advice, and chose another way through the wood, though very irksome and difficult. The Spaniards perceiving the pirates had taken another way they scarce had thought on, were compelled to leave their stops and batteries, and come out to meet them. The governor of Panama put his forces in order, consisting of two squadrons, four regiments of foot, and a huge number of wild bulls, which were driven by a great number of Indians, with some negroes, and others, to help them.
The pirates, now upon their march, came to the top of a little hill, whence they had a large prospect of the city and champaign country underneath. Here they discovered the forces of the people of Panama, in battle array, to be so numerous, that they were surprised with fear, much doubting the fortune of the day: yea, few or none there were but wished themselves at home, or at least free from the obligation of that engagement, it so nearly concerning their lives. Having been some time wavering in their minds, they at last reflected on the straits they had brought themselves into, and that now they must either fight resolutely, or die; for no quarter could be expected from an enemy on whom they had committed so many cruelties. Hereupon they encouraged one another, resolving to conquer, or spend the last drop of blood. Then they divided themselves into three battalions, sending before two hundred bucaniers, who were very dextrous at their guns. Then descending the hill, they marched directly towards the Spaniards, who in a spacious field waited for their coming. As soon as they drew nigh, the Spaniards began to shout and cry, "Viva el rey!" "God save the king!" and immediately their horse moved against the pirates: but the fields being full of quags, and soft underfoot, they could not wheel about as they desired. The two hundred bucaniers, who went before, each putting one knee to the ground, began the battle briskly, with a full volley of shot: the Spaniards defended themselves courageously, doing all they could to disorder the pirates. Their foot endeavoured to second the horse, but were constrained by the pirates to leave them. Finding themselves baffled, they attempted to drive the bulls against them behind, to put them into disorder; but the wild cattle ran away, frighted with the noise of the battle; only some few broke through the English companies, and only tore the colours in pieces, while the bucaniers shot every one of them dead.
The battle having continued two hours, the greatest part of the Spanish horse was ruined, and almost all killed: the rest fled, which the foot seeing, and that they could not possibly prevail, they discharged the shot they had in their muskets, and throwing them down, fled away, every one as he could. The pirates could not follow them, being too much harassed and wearied with their long journey. Many, not being able to fly whither they desired, hid themselves, for that present, among the shrubs of the sea-side, but very unfortunately; for most of them being found by the pirates, were instantly killed, without any quarter. Some religious men were brought prisoners before Captain Morgan; but he, being deaf to their cries, commanded them all to be pistolled, which was done. Soon after they brought a captain to him, whom he examined very strictly; particularly, wherein consisted the forces of those of Panama? He answered, their whole strength consisted in four hundred horse, twenty-four companies of foot, each of one hundred men complete; sixty Indians, and some negroes, who were to drive two thousand wild bulls upon the English, and thus, by breaking their files, put them into a total disorder: beside, that in the city they had made trenches, and raised batteries in several places, in all which they had placed many guns; and that at the entry of the highway, leading to the city, they had built a fort mounted with eight great brass guns, defended by fifty men.
Captain Morgan having heard this, gave orders instantly to march another way; but first he made a review of his men, whereof he found both killed and wounded a considerable number, and much greater than had been believed. Of the Spaniards were found six hundred dead on the place, besides the wounded and prisoners. The pirates, nothing discouraged, seeing their number so diminished, but rather filled with greater pride, perceiving what huge advantage they had obtained against their enemies, having rested some time, prepared to march courageously towards the city, plighting their oaths to one another, that they would fight till not a man was left alive. With this courage they recommenced their march, either to conquer or be conquered; carrying with them all the prisoners.
They found much difficulty in their approach to the city, for within the town the Spaniards had placed many great guns, at several quarters, some charged with small pieces of iron, and others with musket bullets; with all these they saluted the pirates at their approaching, and gave them full and frequent broadsides, firing at them incessantly; so that unavoidably they lost at every step great numbers of men. But these manifest dangers of their lives, nor the sight of so many as dropped continually at their sides, could deter them from advancing, and gaining ground every moment on the enemy; and though the Spaniards never ceased to fire, and act the best they could for their defence, yet they were forced to yield, after three hours' combat. And the pirates having possessed themselves, killed and destroyed all that attempted in the least to oppose them. The inhabitants had transported the best of their goods to more remote and occult places; howbeit, they found in the city several warehouses well stocked with merchandise, as well silks and cloths, as linen and other things of value. As soon as the first fury of their entrance was over, Captain Morgan assembled his men, and commanded them, under great penalties, not to drink or taste any wine; and the reason he gave for it was, because he had intelligence that it was all poisoned by the Spaniards. Howbeit, it was thought he gave these prudent orders to prevent the debauchery of his people, which he foresaw would be very great at the first, after so much hunger sustained by the way; fearing, withal, lest the Spaniards, seeing them in wine, should rally, and, falling on the city, use them as inhumanly as they had used the inhabitants before.
Chapter XXI
The voyage of the Beagle. Chapter XXI. Mauritius to England
Mauritius, beautiful appearance of Great crateriform ring of Mountains Hindoos St. Helena History of the changes in the Vegetation Cause of the extinction of Land-shells Ascension Variation in the imported Rats Volcanic Bombs Beds of Infusoria Bahia Brazil Splendour of Tropical Scenery Pernambuco Singular Reef Slavery Return to England Retrospect on our Voyage APRIL 29th.—In the morning we passed round the northern end of Mauritius, or the Isle of France. From this point of view the aspect of the island equalled the expectations raised by the many well-known descriptions of its beautiful scenery. The sloping plain of the Pamplemousses, interspersed with houses, and coloured by the large fields of sugar-cane of a bright green, composed the foreground. The brilliancy of the green was the more remarkable because it is a colour which generally is conspicuous only from a very short distance. Towards the centre of the island groups of wooded mountains rose out of this highly cultivated plain; their summits, as so commonly happens with ancient volcanic rocks, being jagged into the sharpest points. Masses of white clouds were collected around these pinnacles, as if for the sake of pleasing the stranger's eye. The whole island, with its sloping border and central mountains, was adorned with an air of perfect elegance: the scenery, if I may use such an expression, appeared to the sight harmonious. I spent the greater part of the next day in walking about the town and visiting different people.
5. Второй допрос
Записки «вредителя». Часть II. Тюрьма. 5. Второй допрос
Начинается второй день в тюрьме, — начинается второй допрос. — Как поживаете? — И внимательный следовательский глаз, чтобы найти следы бессонной ночи, но я прекрасно выспался и освежился. — Ничего. — Плохо у вас в камере. Вы в двадцать второй? — Камера как камера. — Ну как, подумали? Сегодня будете правду говорить? Это типичная манера следователей бросаться от одного вопроса к другому, особенно, когда они хотят поймать на мелочах. — Я и вчера говорил только правду. Он рассмеялся: — А сегодня будет неправда? — Сегодня будет правда, как и вчера, — отвечаю я серьезно, показывая, что понимаю его: если бы я на его вопрос: «Сегодня будете правду говорить?» по невниманию ответил: «Да!», он сделал бы вывод, что я признаю тем самым, что вчера правды не говорил. Итак, меня, крупного специалиста, обвиняют в тяжком государственном преступлении, мне грозит расстрел, а следователь занимается тем, что ловит меня на ничего не значащих словах. Сорвавшись на этом, он перекидывается назад, к вопросу о камере: — Я старался для вас выбрать камеру получше, но у нас все так переполнено. Я надеюсь, что мы с вами сговоримся, и мне не придется менять режим, который я вам назначил. Третья категория самая мягкая: прогулка, передача, газета, книги. Первые две категории значительно строже. Однако имейте в виду, что ваш режим зависит только от меня, в любой момент вы будете лишены всего и переведены в одиночку.
3. Продажа
Записки «вредителя». Часть IV. Работа в «Рыбпроме». Подготовка к побегу. 3. Продажа
Жизнь моя в концентрационном лагере складывалась необыкновенно удачно. Мне как-то непонятно везло. Множество весьма квалифицированных специалистов не попадало в лагере на работу по своей специальности — я был назначен, через месяц по прибытии в лагерь, на должность ихтиолога; через два месяца после этого послан в длительную и совершенно необычную для лагеря «исследовательскую» поездку, тогда как огромное большинство годами сидели, ничего не видя, кроме казарм и помещения, в котором им приходилось работать. Мне было разрешено, ровно через шесть месяцев по прибытии в лагерь, свидание с женой и сыном. Наконец, не прошло и двух месяцев после отъезда жены, как у меня была вновь крупная удача — меня «продали», или, точнее, сдали в аренду на три месяца. Продажа специалистов, широко применявшаяся в концентрационных лагерях в период 1928–1930 годов, была прекращена в начале 1931 года. Все проданные специалисты были возвращены в концентрационные лагеря. Видимо, это было общее распоряжение центра, вызванное проводившейся в 1930 году за границей кампании против принудительного труда в СССР. За время моего пребывания в концентрационном лагере в 1931 и 1932 годах я знаю только три случая продажи специалистов из Соловецкого лагеря. Осенью 1931 года был продан один юрист на должность консультанта в государственное учреждение в Петрозаводск, и я, совместно с ученым специалистом по рыбоведению К.
1492 - 1559
From 1492 to 1559
From the Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 to the end of the Italian Wars in 1559.
Договор об образовании Союза Советских Социалистических Республик
Договор об образовании Союза Советских Социалистических Республик. 30 декабря 1922 года
Российская Социалистическая Федеративная Советская Республика (РСФСР), Украинская Социалистическая Советская Республика (УССР), Белорусская Социалистическая Советская Республика (БССР) и Закавказская Социалистическая Федеративная Советская Республика (ЗСФСР - Грузия, Азербейджан и Армения) заключают настоящий Союзный договор об объединении в одно союзное государство - «Союз Советских Социалистических Республик» - на следующих основаниях. 1.
Глава 15
Сквозь ад русской революции. Воспоминания гардемарина. 1914–1919. Глава 15
Немедленный мир с главными державами был обязательным условием сохранения большевистской власти. Пока сохранялась угроза иностранного вторжения, коммунистические лидеры не могли окончательно разделаться с внутренними врагами. Вот почему одним из приоритетов советского правительства стало проведение мирных переговоров. В конце ноября главнокомандующий вооруженными силами генерал Духонин получил от Совета народных комиссаров приказ подписать с германским верховным командованием соглашение о перемирии. Генерал, считавший сепаратный мир предательством национальных интересов, отказался подчиниться. Троцкий немедленно направил в Ставку верховного командования отряд красных матросов. Главнокомандующего убили в его железнодорожном вагоне, а на его пост заступил член большевистской партии прапорщик Крыленко. Через две недели русская и немецкая делегации встретились в Брест-Литовске. Ленин и его сторонники не питали иллюзий относительно отношения кайзеровских властей к большевизму, но надеялись, что германский кабинет министров не выдвинет чрезмерных требований с целью обезопасить себя на востоке. Со своей стороны германское командование решило укрепить доверие народа к властям за счет России. Когда большевики ознакомились с германскими требованиями, они пришли в замешательство. Троцкий и другие советские руководители были уверены, что невозможно сохранить власть в России, приняв такие требования. Сильная фракция в большевистской партии всерьез рассматривала возможность вновь попытаться достигнуть взаимопонимания с союзниками и возобновить войну с противником. Однако русская армия была слишком деморализована, чтобы оказать какое-либо сопротивление.
Глава 9
Сквозь ад русской революции. Воспоминания гардемарина. 1914–1919. Глава 9
Скрытые тенденции хаоса вскоре набрали достаточный импульс, чтобы вырваться на поверхность. В начале мая 1917 года население Петрограда вновь вышло на улицы. Бурные, многочисленные демонстрации ознаменовали первый осознанный вызов авторитету Временного правительства и обнаружили пропасть между мнениями образованных классов и народных масс. Непосредственным поводом для выступлений стало официальное объявление приверженности России целям войны, адресованное союзникам. Образованные россияне не принимали в расчет влияние революции на крестьянское сознание и требовали войны до победного конца. Политические партии от монархистов до социалистов считали само собой разумеющейся неизменность внешней политики. О сепаратном мире с Германией не помышляли, не видели необходимости и во временной передышке в наступательных операциях на фронте с целью реорганизации армии. Ораторы, представлявшие все оттенки политической мысли, выражали свое убеждение в том, что пренебрежение международными обязательствами и принятием всех возможных мер для победы в войне было бы изменой России, вероломством по отношению к союзникам и надругательством над демократическими принципами. Эти эмоции были чужды, однако, массам населения. Отмена политической цензуры подвергла незрелые умы крестьян и рабочих мощному воздействию пацифистской пропаганды. Солдаты общались друг с другом, не опасаясь подслушивания, и сходились в том, что каждому из них война надоела. Крестьяне, избавившиеся под воздействием революции от пассивности, отказывались считать окончательным вердикт правящих классов.
Глава I
Путешествие натуралиста вокруг света на корабле «Бигль». Глава I. Сантьягу в архипелаге Зеленого Мыса (Баия в Бразилии)
Порто - Прая Рибейра-Гранде Атмосферная пыль с инфузориями Повадки морской улитки и спрута Скалы св. Павла — невулканического происхождения Своеобразные инкрустации Насекомые — первые поселенцы на островах Фернанду-ди-Норонья Баия Полированные скалы Повадки рыбы Diodon Пелагические Confervae и инфузории Причины окрашивания моря Корабль флота ее величества, десятипушечный бриг «Бигль» под командой капитана королевского флота Фиц-Роя отплыл из Девон-порта 27 декабря 1831 г. после того, как сильные юго-западные ветры дважды принуждали его вернуться. Экспедиция имела целью довершить гидрографическую съемку Патагонии и Огненной Земли, начатую экспедицией капитана Кинга в 1826—1830 гг., произвести съемку берегов Чили, Перу и некоторых островов Тихого океана и, наконец, провести ряд хронометрических измерений вокруг земного шара. 6 января мы достигли Тенерифа, но высадиться нам не позволили из опасения, что мы можем завести холеру; на следующее утро мы видели, как солнце, показавшись из-за причудливых очертаний острова Гран-Канария, вдруг озарило Тенерифский пик, между тем как низкие части острова все еще скрывались за кудрявыми облаками, То был первый из тех многих восхитительных дней, которых мне никогда не забыть. 16 января 1832 г. мы бросили якорь у Порто-Праи на Сантьяго [Сантьягу], главном острове архипелага Зеленого Мыса. С моря окрестности Порто-Праи выглядят безжизненными. Вулканический огонь прошедших веков и палящий зной тропического солнца сделали почву во многих местах непригодной для растительности.
4. Вечеракша
Записки «вредителя». Часть III. Концлагерь. 4. Вечеракша
Конвойный привел меня в общий пассажирский вагон железнодорожной ветки, соединяющей Попов остров со станцией Кемь, и сел на лавочку рядом со мной, зажав винтовку между колен В вагоне было много пассажиров: рабочих с лесопильного завода, местных крестьян, баб, ребятишек. Никто на меня не обращал внимания, так здесь все привыкли к арестантам-«услоновцам». В Кеми заключенных больше, чем жителей. Но мне казалась странной и моя фигура, переряженная в каторжные отрепья, и мое присутствие среди вольных людей с их обычными житейскими разговорами Особенно поражали меня дети, которых я не видел давно. Хотелось заговорить со славным белобрысым мальчонкой, который сидел против и косился на меня своими лукавыми глазенками, но за такой разговор — «нелегальное сношение с вольными» — мне грозил карцер. В открытое окно я видел болото, мелкий лес. Тоскливые, унылые места, но ни одного человека. Полтора года пробыл я в концлагере и полтора года, начиная с этапа, я всюду думал об одном — о побеге. Во всяком новом положении или месте я прежде всего думал, как это может повлиять на мой план побега, можно ли и как лучше бежать отсюда. И теперь, глядя в окно, я старался представить себе, можно ли бежать с поезда. В конце концов, может быть, если выбрать момент, соскочить на ходу... Конвойный вряд ли решится прыгнуть тоже. Он будет стрелять, но из-за хода поезда, наверное, промажет. Лесок кругом чахлый, но скрыться можно... В это время я заметил, что вдоль железнодорожного пути тянется дорога, и по ней за нашим поездом скачет верховой с ружьем.
5000 г. до н.э. - 3300 г. до н.э.
С 5000 г. до н.э. по 3300 г. до н.э.
Переходный период между Неолитом и Бронзовым веком: медь уже используется в некоторых регионах, но в повседневном использовании нет настоящих бронзовых сплавов.
Глава 13
Борьба за Красный Петроград. Глава 13
Наряду с деятельностью районных штабов внутренней обороны представляется в высшей степени желательным просмотреть соответствующую подготовку к обороне со стороны наиболее крупных фабрично-заводских предприятий. В таких предприятиях кипела своя производственная работа, направленная исключительно на то, чтобы оказать посильную поддержку в первую очередь полевым частям Красной армии. Промышленные гиганты Петрограда являлись своего рода революционными очагами, где ковалось оружие для фронта и где в процессе производства, не знавшего часов отдыха, вырабатывалась коллективная воля к победе над врагом. В связи с этим работа крупных фабрично-заводских предприятий Петрограда носила отнюдь не местный и не районный характер, а имела широкое значение в ходе подготовки всего города к обороне изнутри. Она являлась одним из действенных реальных факторов, способствовавших обороне Петрограда. [444] Сохранившиеся материалы дают возможность остановиться только на работе Путиловского, Ижорского, Сестрорецкого оружейного и Охтинского порохового заводов. На Путиловском заводе после 14 октября была проведена партийная мобилизация, которая дала около 300 чел. по заводу и около 200 чел.
XI. Передача
Побег из ГУЛАГа. Часть 1. XI. Передача
Среди пустых, тяжелых дней, служебных притеснений, угнетающей борьбы за кусок хлеба, за полено дров, за каждый день и шаг существования, тяжкого для всех и непосильного, когда семья разрушена, остается один настоящий день — день передачи. Перемена чистого белья и точное количество перечисленных в списке продуктов, — вот все, в чем она заключается. Ни слова привета, никакой вести о том хотя бы, что все живы и здоровы, — ничего. Но в тюрьме этот пакет, где все говорит о доме, — единственная связь с жизнью; на воле — это единственное, что делаешь со смыслом, с сознанием действительной пользы. Все заключенные и все их жены, матери и дети начинают жить волнующими приготовлениями, ждать этого дня, как встречи. Подумать со стороны — как все это просто: собрал белье, еду и передал пакет. На деле же — совсем, совсем не так. Первая задача — достать продукты: мясо, яйца, масло, яблоки, сухие фрукты, соленые огурцы, табак, чай, сахар. Все это имеется только в магазинах ГПУ, в кооперативах же, доступных рядовым гражданам, почти никогда не бывает, а если когда-нибудь и выдается, то редко и в ничтожном количестве, тогда как для передачи перечисленные продукты нужно иметь каждую неделю. Дома советский гражданин питается картошкой, сдабривая ее селедкой, луком и случайными продуктами, которые иногда завозят в город, собрать же для передачи редкостные деликатесы — задача вроде той, что задается ведьмами в сказках. Мы все пропали бы, если бы не жалкие, грязные рынки, на которых советская власть вынуждена пока терпеть мелких торговцев, часто помогающих продавцам подворовывать из кооперативов.