Chapter XVI
Captain Morgan takes the Castle of Chagre, with four hundred men sent to this purpose from St. Catherine's.
CAPTAIN MORGAN sending this little fleet to Chagre, chose for vice-admiral thereof one Captain Brodely, who had been long in those quarters, and committed many robberies on the Spaniards, when Mansvelt took the isle of St. Catherine, as was before related; and therefore was thought a fit person for this exploit, his actions likewise having rendered him famous among the pirates, and their enemies the Spaniards. Captain Brodely being made commander, in three days after his departure arrived in sight of the said castle of Chagre, by the Spaniards called St. Lawrence. This castle is built on a high mountain, at the entry of the river, surrounded by strong palisades, or wooden walls, filled with earth, which secures them as well as the best wall of stone or brick. The top of this mountain is, in a manner, divided into two parts, between which is a ditch thirty feet deep. The castle hath but one entry, and that by a drawbridge over this ditch. To the land it has four bastions, and to the sea two more. The south part is totally inaccessible, through the cragginess of the mountain. The north is surrounded by the river, which here is very broad. At the foot of the castle, or rather mountain, is a strong fort, with eight great guns, commanding the entry of the river. Not much lower are two other batteries, each of six pieces, to defend likewise the mouth of the river. At one side of the castle are two great storehouses of all sorts of warlike ammunition and merchandise, brought thither from the island country. Near these houses is a high pair of stairs hewn out of the rock, to mount to the top of the castle. On the west is a small port, not above seven or eight fathoms deep, fit for small vessels, and of very good anchorage; besides, before the castle, at the entry of the river, is a great rock, scarce to be described but at low tides.
No sooner had the Spaniards perceived the pirates, but they fired incessantly at them with the biggest of their guns. They came to an anchor in a small port, about a league from the castle. Next morning, very early, they went ashore, and marched through the woods, to attack the castle on that side. This march lasted till two of the clock in the afternoon, before they could reach the castle, by reason of the difficulties of the way, and its mire and dirt; and though their guides served them very exactly, yet they came so nigh the castle at first, that they lost many of their men by its shot, they being in an open place without covert. This much perplexed the pirates, not knowing what course to take; for on that side, of necessity, they must make the assault: and being uncovered from head to foot, they could not advance one step without danger: besides that, the castle, both for its situation and strength, made them much doubt of success. But to give it over they dared not, lest they should be reproached by their companions.
At last, after many doubts and disputes, resolving to hazard the assault and their lives desperately, they advanced towards the castle with their swords in one hand, and fire-balls in the other. The Spaniards defended themselves very briskly, ceasing not to fire at them continually; crying withal, "Come on, ye English dogs! enemies to God and our king; and let your other companions that are behind come on too, ye shall not go to Panama this bout." The pirates making some trial to climb the walls, were forced to retreat, resting themselves till night. This being come, they returned to the assault, to try, by the help of their fire-balls, to destroy the pales before the wall; and while they were about it, there happened a very remarkable accident, which occasioned their victory. One of the pirates being wounded with an arrow in his back, which pierced his body through, he pulled it out boldly at the side of his breast, and winding a little cotton about it, he put it into his musket, and shot it back to the castle; but the cotton being kindled by the powder, fired two or three houses in the castle, being thatched with palm-leaves, which the Spaniards perceived not so soon as was necessary; for this fire meeting with a parcel of powder, blew it up, thereby causing great ruin, and no less consternation to the Spaniards, who were not able to put a stop to it, not having seen it time enough.
The pirates perceiving the effect of the arrow, and the misfortunes of the Spaniards, were infinitely glad; and while they were busied in quenching the fire, which caused a great confusion for want of water, the pirates took this opportunity, setting fire likewise to the palisades. The fire thus seen at once in several parts about the castle, gave them great advantage against the Spaniards, many breaches being made by the fire among the pales, great heaps of earth falling into the ditch. Then the pirates climbing up, got over into the castle, though those Spaniards, who were not busy about the fire, cast down many flaming pots full of combustible matter, and odious smells, which destroyed many of the English.
The Spaniards, with all their resistance, could not hinder the palisades from being burnt down before midnight. Meanwhile the pirates continued in their intention of taking the castle; and though the fire was very great, they would creep on the ground, as near as they could, and shoot amidst the flames against the Spaniards on the other side, and thus killed many from the walls. When day was come, they observed all the movable earth, that lay betwixt the pales, to be fallen into the ditch; so that now those within the castle lay equally exposed to them without, as had been on the contrary before; whereupon the pirates continued shooting very furiously, and killed many Spaniards; for the governor had charged them to make good those posts, answering to the heaps of earth fallen into the ditch, and caused the artillery to be transported to the breaches.
The fire within the castle still continuing, the pirates from abroad did what they could to hinder its progress, by shooting incessantly against it; one party of them was employed only for this, while another watched all the motions of the Spaniards. About noon the English gained a breach, which the governor himself defended with twenty-five soldiers. Here was made a very courageous resistance by the Spaniards, with muskets, pikes, stones, and swords; but through all these the pirates fought their way, till they gained the castle. The Spaniards, who remained alive, cast themselves down from the castle into the sea, choosing rather to die thus (few or none surviving the fall) than to ask quarter for their lives. The governor himself retreated to the corps du gard, before which were placed two pieces of cannon: here he still defended himself, not demanding any quarter, till he was killed with a musket-shot in the head.
The governor being dead, and the corps du gard surrendering, they found remaining in it alive thirty men, whereof scarce ten were not wounded: these informed the pirates that eight or nine of their soldiers had deserted, and were gone to Panama, to carry news of their arrival and invasion. These thirty men alone remained of three hundred and fourteen wherewith the castle was garrisoned, among which not one officer was found alive. These were all made prisoners, and compelled to tell whatever they knew of their designs and enterprises. Among other things, that the governor of Panama had notice sent him three weeks ago from Carthagena, that the English were equipping a fleet at Hispaniola, with a design to take Panama; and, beside, that this had been discovered by a deserter from the pirates at the river De la Hacha, where they had victualled. That upon this, the governor had sent one hundred and sixty-four men to strengthen the garrison of that castle, with much provision and ammunition; the ordinary garrison whereof was only one hundred and fifty men, but these made up two hundred and fourteen men, very well armed. Besides this, they declared that the governor of Panama had placed several ambuscades along the river of Chagre; and that he waited for them in the open fields of Panama with three thousand six hundred men.
The taking of this castle cost the pirates excessively dear, in comparison to what they were wont to lose, and their toil and labour was greater than at the conquest of the isle of St. Catherine; for, numbering their men, they had lost above a hundred, beside seventy wounded. They commanded the Spanish prisoners to cast the dead bodies of their own men from the top of the mountain to the seaside, and to bury them. The wounded were carried to the church, of which they made an hospital, and where also they shut up the women.
Captain Morgan remained not long behind at St. Catherine's, after taking the castle of Chagre, of which he had notice presently; but before he departed, he embarked all the provisions that could be found, with much maize, or Indian wheat, and cazave, whereof also is made bread in those ports. He transported great store of provisions to the garrison of Chagre, whencesoever they could be got. At a certain place they cast into the sea all the guns belonging thereto, designing to return, and leave that island well garrisoned, to the perpetual possession of the pirates; but he ordered all the houses and forts to be fired, except the castle of St. Teresa, which he judged to be the strongest and securest wherein to fortify himself at his return from Panama.
Having completed his arrangements, he took with him all the prisoners of the island, and then sailed for Chagre, where he arrived in eight days. Here the joy of the whole fleet was so great, when they spied the English colours on the castle, that they minded not their way into the river, so that they lost four ships at the entry thereof, Captain Morgan's being one; yet they saved all the men and goods. The ships, too, had been preserved, if a strong northerly wind had not risen, which cast them on the rock at the entry of the river.
Captain Morgan was brought into the castle with great acclamations of all the pirates, both of those within, and those newly come. Having heard the manner of the conquest, he commanded all the prisoners to work, and repair what was necessary, especially to set up new palisades round the forts of the castle. There were still in the river some Spanish vessels, called chatten, serving for transportation of merchandise up and down the river, and to go to Puerto Bello and Nicaragua. These commonly carry two great guns of iron, and four small ones of brass. These vessels they seized, with four little ships they found there, and all the canoes. In the castle they left a garrison of five hundred men, and in the ships in the river one hundred and fifty more. This done, Captain Morgan departed for Panama at the head of twelve hundred men. He carried little provisions with him, hoping to provide himself sufficiently among the Spaniards, whom he knew to lie in ambuscade by the way.
Глава XII
Путешествие натуралиста вокруг света на корабле «Бигль». Глава XII. Среднее Чили
Вальпараисо Экскурсия к подножию Анд Строение местности Восхождение на Колокольную гору Кильоты Раздробленные глыбы зеленокаменной породы Громадные долины Рудники Положение горняков Сант-Яго Каукнесские горячие воды Золотые прииски Мельницы, для руды Продырявленные камни Повадки пумы Тюрко и тапаколо Колибри 23 июля. — Поздней ночью «Бигль» бросил якорь в заливе Вальпа раисо — главном морском порте Чили. С наступлением утра все показалось нам восхитительным. После Огненной Земли климат Вальпараисо был просто чудесен: воздух такой сухой, небо ясное и синее, солнце сияет так ярко, что кажется, будто жизнь так и брызжет отовсюду. С якорной стоянки открывается прелестный вид. Город выстроен у самого подножия цепи довольно крутых холмов вышиной около 1 600 футов. Из-за такого расположения он состоит из одной длинной, широко раскинувшейся улицы, идущей парал лельно берегу, и каждый раз, когда по дороге встречается овраг, дома громоздятся по обоим его склонам. Округленные холмы, лишь частично покрытые очень скудной растительностью, изрыты бесчи сленными лощинками, в которых обнажается необыкновенно яркого красного цвета почва. Все это, а также низенькие выбеленные дома с черепичными крышами вызвали в моей памяти Сайта-Крус на Тене рифе. В северо-восточном направлении кое-где отчетливо виднеются Анды; но с окрестных холмов эти горы кажутся гораздо более вели чественными: оттуда лучше ощущается то огромное расстояние, на котором они находятся. Особенно великолепен вулкан Аконкагуа.
17. Рейтинг безумия. Версии гибели группы Дятлова на любые вкус и цвет
Перевал Дятлова. Смерть, идущая по следу... 17. Рейтинг безумия. Версии гибели группы Дятлова на любые вкус и цвет
Поскольку таковых версий существует великое множество, имеет смысл их каким-то образом классифицировать. Оптимальной представляется классификация, принятая на большинстве тематических форумов и сайтах, так что не станем изобретать велосипед и воспользуемся ею в качестве образца. Итак, всё многообразие версий можно свести к трём большим несхожим группам, объясняющим гибель группы воздействием факторов следующего характера: - естественно-природного; - паранормального; - криминального. Е с т е с т в е н н о - п р и р о д н ы е, как явствует из самого названия, пытаются объяснить трагические события на склоне Холат-Сяхыл природными явлениями и оперируют естественнонаучными фактами и представлениями в пределах компетенции авторов. Наиболее аргументированной из всех версий этой категории представляется предположение Евгения Вадимовича Буянова, петербургского исследователя "дятловской" трагедии, о произошедшем на месте установки палатки сходе лавины. Эту версию Евгений Вадимович обосновал в книге "Тайна аварии Дятлова", написанной в соавторстве с Борисом Ефимовичем Слобцовым, неоднократно упоминавшимся в настоящем очерке участнике поисковой операции. Нельзя не отметить, что книга получилась очень познавательной, даже о весьма скучных сугубо технических и математических материях авторы сумели написать живо и занимательно. Книгу эту можно рекомендовать к прочтению даже с целью простого расширения кругозора - время не будет потрачено зря.
Государственная дума и тактика социал-демократии
Сталин И.В. Cочинения. - Т. 1. - М.: ОГИЗ; Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1946. С. 206–213.
Вы, наверное, слышали об освобождении крестьян, Это было время, когда правительство получало двойной удар: извне – поражение в Крыму, изнутри – крестьянское движение. Потому-то правительство, подхлёстываемое с двух сторон, вынуждено было уступить и заговорило об освобождении крестьян: "Мы должны сами освободить крестьян сверху, а то народ восстанет и собственными руками добьется освобождения снизу". Мы знаем, что это было за "освобождение сверху"... И если тогда народ поддался обману, если правительству удались его фарисейские планы, если оно с помощью реформ укрепило свое положение и тем самым отсрочило победу народа, то это, между прочим, означает, что тогда народ еще не был подготовлен и его легко можно было обмануть. Такая же история повторяется в жизни России и теперь. Как известно, и теперь правительство получает такой же двойной удар: извне – поражение в Манчжурии, изнутри – народная революция. Как известно, правительство, подхлестываемое с двух сторон, принуждено еще раз уступить и так же, как и тогда, [c.206] толкует о "реформах сверху": "Мы должны дать народу Государственную думу сверху, а то народ восстанет и сам созовет Учредительное собрание снизу". Таким образом, созывом Думы они хотят утихомирить народную революцию, точно так же, как уже однажды "освобождением крестьян" утихомирили великое крестьянское движение. Отсюда наша задача – со всей решимостью расстроить планы реакции, смести Государственную думу и тем самым расчистить путь народной революции. Но что такое Дума, из кого она состоит? Дума – это ублюдочный парламент.
1453 - 1492
С 1453 по 1492 год
Последний период Поздних Средних веков. От падения Константинополя в 1453 до открытия Америки Кристофором Колумбом в 1492.
Глава 11
Борьба за Красный Петроград. Глава 11
Значительная тяжесть работы по проведению в оборонительное состояние города Петрограда ложилась на районные революционные тройки, которые возникли в Петрограде в летние дни 1919 г. и продолжали свое существование еще в течение длительного периода, заостряя внимание то на одних, то на других актуальных вопросах, поставленных в порядок дня самой жизнью {312}. Момент возникновения районных революционных троек обусловливался введением в городе осадного положения. Состав их назначался Петроградским комитетом РКП(б) из числа членов районного комитета партии и членов исполкома районного совета. Революционные тройки по районам являлись исполнительными органами Комитета [359] обороны г. Петрограда и находились в непосредственном подчинении коменданта Петроградского укрепленного района. Комитету обороны принадлежало право окончательного утверждения состава троек. На обязанности районных революционных троек лежало в основном максимальное обеспечение обороноспособности района.
Глава XVI
Путешествие натуралиста вокруг света на корабле «Бигль». Глава XVI. Северное Чили и Перу
Прибрежная дорога в Кокимбо Большие тяжести, переносимые горняками Кокимбо Землетрясение Ступенчатые террасы Отсутствие современных отложений Одновременность третичных формаций Экскурсия вверх по долине Дорога в Гуаско Пустыни Долина Копьяпо Дождь и землетрясение Водобоязнь Деспобладо Индейские развалины Вероятная перемена климата Русло реки, выпученное землетрясением Сильные холодные ветры Звуки холма Элъ-Брамадор Икике Соляное отложение. Азотнокислый натрий Лима Нездоровая местность Развалины Кальяо, разрушенного землетрясением Недавнее опускание Поднятые раковины на Сан-Лоренсо, их разложение Равнина с погребенными раковинами и обломками глиняной посуды Древность индейской расы 27 апреля.— Я отправился в поездку в Кокимбо, а затем через Гуаско в Копьяпо, откуда капитан Фиц-Рой любезно предложил захватить меня на борт «Бигля». Расстояние по прямой линии вдоль берега, на север, составляло всего 420 миль, но мой способ путешествия очень затянул поездку. Я купил четырех лошадей и двух мулов; последние должны были таскать поклажу по очереди, день через день. Шесть животных все вместе стоили всего 25 фунтов стерлингов, а в Копьяпо я перепродал их за 23 фунта. Мы путешествовали так же независимо, как и прежде: сами себе стряпали и спали на свежем воздухе. Когда мы подъезжали к Виньо-дель-Мар, я бросил прощальный взгляд на Вальпараисо и пришел в восхищение от его живописного вида.
Chapter II
The pirates of Panama or The buccaneers of America : Chapter II
A description of Tortuga The fruits and plants there How the French first settled there, at two several times, and forced out the Spaniards The author twice sold in the said island. THE island of Tortuga is situate on the north side of Hispaniola, in 20 deg. 30 min. latitude; its just extent is threescore leagues about. The Spaniards, who gave name to this island, called it so from the shape of the land, in some manner resembling a great sea-tortoise, called by them Tortuga-de-mar. The country is very mountainous, and full of rocks, and yet thick of lofty trees, that grow upon the hardest of those rocks, without partaking of a softer soil. Hence it comes that their roots, for the greatest part, are seen naked, entangled among the rocks like the branching of ivy against our walls. That part of this island which stretches to the north is totally uninhabited: the reason is, first, because it is incommodious, and unhealthy: and, secondly, for the ruggedness of the coast, that gives no access to the shore, unless among rocks almost inaccessible: for this cause it is peopled only on the south part, which hath only one port indifferently good: yet this harbour has two entries, or channels, which afford passage to ships of seventy guns; the port itself being without danger, and capable of receiving a great number of vessels. The inhabited parts, of which the first is called the Low-Lands, or Low-Country: this is the chief among the rest, because it contains the port aforesaid. The town is called Cayona, and here live the chiefest and richest planters of the island.
Судьба катеров после войны
«Шнелльботы». Германские торпедные катера Второй мировой войны. Судьба катеров после войны
Послевоенная жизнь «шнелльботов» была весьма непродолжительной. Их примерно поровну поделили между державами-победительницами. Подавляющее большинство из 32 «шнелльботов», доставшихся Великобритании, было сдано на слом либо затоплено в Северном море в течение двух лет после окончания войны. Расчетливые американцы выставили 26 своих катеров на продажу, и даже сумели извлечь из этого выгоду, «сплавив» их флотам Норвегии и Дании. Полученные СССР по репарациям «шнелльботы» (29 единиц) совсем недолго находились в боевом составе ВМФ - сказалось отсутствие запасных частей, да и сами корпуса были сильно изношены; 12 из них попали в КБФ, где прослужили до февраля 1948 года. Остальные перешли на Север, где 8 катеров были списаны, не пробыв в строю и года. Продлить жизнь остальных до июня 1952 года удалось, использовав механизмы с исключенных «шнелльботов». Экономные датчане дотянули эксплуатацию своих трофеев до 1966 года. Часть катеров они перекупили у Норвегии; всего их в датском флоте насчитывалось 19 единиц. Во флоте ФРГ осталось лишь два «шнелльбота» - бывшие S-116 и S-130. Они использовались в качестве опытовых судов, и к 1965 году были сданы на слом. До наших дней не дожило ни одного немецкого торпедного катера периода Второй мировой войны. Единственными экспонатами, связанными со «шнелльботами», были два дизеля МВ-501, снятые с S-116 и находившиеся в Техническом музее в Мюнхене. Но и они погибли во время пожара в апреле 1983 года.
Introduction
The pirates of Panama or The buccaneers of America : Introduction by George Alfred Williams
This volume was originally written in Dutch by John Esquemeling, and first published in Amsterdam in 1678 under the title of De Americaeneche Zee Roovers. It immediately became very popular and this first hand history of the Buccaneers of America was soon translated into the principal European languages. The first English edition was printed in 1684. Of the author, John Esquemeling, very little is known although it is generally conceded that he was in all probability a Fleming or Hollander, a quite natural supposition as his first works were written in the Dutch language. He came to the island of Tortuga, the headquarters of the Buccaneers, in 1666 in the employ of the French West India Company. Several years later this same company, owing to unsuccessful business arrangements, recalled their representatives to France and gave their officers orders to sell the company's land and all its servants. Esquemeling then a servant of the company was sold to a stern master by whom he was treated with great cruelty. Owing to hard work, poor food and exposure he became dangerously ill, and his master seeing his weak condition and fearing to lose the money Esquemeling had cost him resold him to a surgeon. This new master treated him kindly so that Esquemeling's health was speedily restored, and after one year's service he was set at liberty upon a promise to pay his benefactor, the surgeon, 100 pieces of eight at such a time as he found himself in funds. Once more a free man he determined to join the pirates and was received into their society and remained with them until 1672. Esquemeling served the Buccaneers in the capacity of barber-surgeon, and was present at all their exploits.
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