Middle Paleolithic by Zdenek Burian Neanderthals or Homo neanderthalensis. The first "true Neanderthals" are believed to have appeared 250 000 or 200 000 years ago and died out in Europe between 41 000 and 39 000 years ago. Reconstruction of Middle Paleolithic everyday life by Zdenek Burian, an influential 20th century palaeo-artist, painter and book illustrator from Czechoslovakia. The images represen... Tags: Middle Paleolithic, Neanderthal, Zdenek Burian